Mikoyan MiG-23 Flogger Tactical fighter

The 'swing-wing' MiG-23 Flogger was developed in the 1960s to replace the MiG-21. It combined greater payload, range and firepower with beyond visual range intercept capability from more powerful onboard sensors. The Model 23-11 prototype first flew in 1967. The production MiG-23M Flogger-B introduced beyond visual range capability with Sapfir-23 (High Lark) pulse-Doppler radar and R-23 (AA-7 Apex) semi-active air-to-air missiles. 

   Two downgraded export versions of the MiG-23M were produced. The MiG-23MS Flogger-E had the MiG-21's 'Jay Bird' radar in a short radome and therefore no beyond visual range missile capability. The MiG-23MF retained the 'High Lark' radar, AA-7 missile capability and Flogger-B reporting designation.

   The MiG-23ML Flogger-G was intended to have improved handling especially at high angles of attack, enhanced maneuverability and higher 'g' limits. It featured a lightened airframe, more powerful R-35-300 engine, improved, lightweight Sapfir-23L radar adding a new dogfight mode, more capable defensive avionics and a new infra-red search and track. It formed the basis for the MiG-23MLD Flogger-K that had a number of aerodynamic modifications to increase high angle-of-attack capability and controllability. 

   By 1999 the MiG-23 had been phased out of front-line service from Russian PVV interceptor and VVS units and now equips reserve and training units only. However, MiG-23 fighters remain in widespread service with export customers. The basic MiG-23M serves with the Turkmenistan PVO while Algeria operates the MiG-23MS. MiG-23MFs serve with Cuba, North Korea, Iraq and Romania. India's surviving MiG-23MFs have been relegated to an air defense training unit. MiG-23MLs serve with Angola and Yemen while a combination of MiG-23MF/ML/MS/MLDs constitute the backbone of the air defense forces of Libya and Syria. Bulgaria operates a mix of MF/ML/MLDs. MiG-23MLDs also equip fighter regiments in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. 

   The MiG-23UB Flogger-C is the two-seat trainer and operational conversion variant and remains active with all MiG-23 operators. Phazotron offers a MiG-23 upgrade based around its N019M Topaz multimode radar compatible with R-77 BVR active radar air-to-air missiles.

Mikoyan MiG-25 Foxbat Interceptor and reconnaissance aircraft

The Mach 3-capable Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 Foxbat was developed in the early 1960s to fulfil the interception and dedicated reconnaissance roles. In 2001  Russian air force still operated limited numbers of MiG-25PD/PDS Foxbat-E interceptors. These are found with units that predominantly use the MiG-31.

   Introduced in 1978, the MiG-25PD was the ultimate Foxbat variant and featured an RP-25 look-down/shoot-down radar, undernose infra-red search and track system, R-15BD-300 engines and provision for a huge ventral fuel tank.

   Elsewhere, MiG-25 interceptors remain in significant use with Libya and Syria, each equipped with three to four units. Algeria has ten MiG-25 interceptors, that are responsible for the air defense of the capital Algiers and the strategic nuclear site near the air base, while Turkmenistan has two regiments equipped with the earlier MiG-25P model. All MiG-25P/PD/PDS operators also have small numbers of MiG-25PU Foxbat-C two-seat conversion trainers with stepped cockpits.

   Although use of the fighter variant is diminishing in Russia, reconnaissance variants of the MiG-25 remain important types. Two ORAPs have around 70 MiG-25RBs of various marks; these flew missions during the 1999 campaign in Chechnya.

   The MiG-25RB Foxbat-B is a dual-role reconnaissance/bomber capable of releasing bombs from altitudes of more than 20 000 m at supersonic speeds. Subvariants of the MiG-25RB were developed with a variety of systems for Electronic intelligence and specialized reconnaissance roles. The reconnaissance Foxbat has its own dedicated two-seat trainer, the MiG-25RU.

   Export MiG-25RB/RUs remain in limited service with Algeria (3) and Syria (8) while India's No.102 Sqn operates dedicated photo-recce MiG-25R/RUs. MiG-25RBs based in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan are not thought to be operational. Small numbers of the MiG-25BM Foxbat-F defense suppression variant may remain operational with the Russian air force's research-instructor regiment based at Lipetsk for the development of operational tactics and various research projects.

Mikoyan MiG-29 Fulcrum Multi-role fighter

With its stunning maneuverability, the MiG-29 re-established the Soviet Union's reputation as a producer of capable combat aircraft. The MiG-29 was developed to meet a Soviet air forces requirement for a lightweight multi-role fighter. 

   Incorporating an advanced aerodynamic design, the MiG-29 has a N-019 pulse-Doppler radar (NATO Slot Back) as its primary sensor; this is allied to an infre-red search and track for passive tracking of targets.

   The 9-12 prototype made its first flight in 1977, and the type entered service with Soviet Frontal Aviation in 1986. Replacing MiG-23s, the MiG-29 was assigned dual air superiority and ground-attack roles. Fighter regiments were also tasked with tactical nuclear strike with 30-kT RN-40 bombs. 

   The basic MiG-29 has proved itself as a formidable close-in dogfighter. The pilot has a helmet-mounted sight to cue missiles onto an off-boresight target. The very agile R-73 missile remains widely viewed as the best close combat air-to-air weapon. However, the MiG-29s primary beyond visual range weapon, the R-27 (AA-10 Alamo) is no more than adequate. Furthermore, the RD-33 engines suffer from low maintainability, and the MiG-29 is also handicapped by its lack of range and endurance. The latter parameters were addressed by an improved 9-13 variant allocated the NATO reporting name Fulcrum C. This featured a bulged and extended spine, which houses both fuel and avionics, including an active jammer. Commonly nicknamed Gorbatov (hunchback), this variant was built alongside the standard 9-12 MiG-29s.

   To address the shortcomings of the baseline MiG-29 the design bureau developed two radically-improved variants. Both the MiG-29M and naval MiG-29K fell victim to fierce spending cuts after the Cold War and their further development was halted. MiG MAPO chose to pursue more limited upgrade programmes for more immediate application to Russian and export baseline MiG-29s. 

   The MiG-29S upgrade was applied to a limited number of Russian 9-13 MiG-29s, the first phase introducing provision for underwing fuel tanks. It remains unclear if further phased improvements were applied. These included a doubling of the warload, provision for in-flight refueling and an upgraded NO19MP Topaz radar with simultaneous dual target engagement capability. The radar would have given compatibility with R-77 beyond visual range air-to-air missiles. Such features were subsequently offered for export MiG-29s, along with Western navigation and communications equipment as well as a bolt-on retractable in-flight refueling probe.

   The standard export MiG-29S was known as the MiG-29SD for 9-12 airframes and as the MiG-29SE when based on the 9-13 airframe. Malaysia's MiG-29Ns are effectively MiG-29SDs. While these versions were marketed as air superiority fighters, the MiG-29SM stressed its multi-role capability with TV- and laser-guided air-to-surface weapons. 

   Pending the production of a fifth-generation fighter, the Russian air force is upgrading over 150 9-13 MiG-29s to a standard comparable to the MiG-29SMT (9-17); this first full standard prototype flew in 1998. The upgrade will include an N-019ME or MP radar, a modern glass cockpit, greatly increased internal fuel capacity, RD-43 engines, improved service-ability, addition of an IFR system, and increased combat load; not all of the features mentioned will be incorporated in the first phase of the upgrade. India's acquisition and upgrade of the former RNS carrier Admiral Gorshkov has attracted renewed interest in the MiG-29K. DASA, Aerostar and Elbit offer the Sniper upgrade that incorporates elements from the MiG-21 Lancer.

   The MiG-29 was built in substantial numbers and was widely exported. After Russia, Ukraine is the next major operator with six regiments (including Fulcrum-Cs). Other operators are Belarus, Bulgaria, Cuba, Eritrea, Germany, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Malaysia, Peru, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Syria, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Yugoslavia. The MiG-29s serve primarily as air defense fighters. All operators have small numbers of MiG-29UB two-seat conversion trainers.

Mikoyan MiG-31 Foxhound Long-range interceptor

The MiG-31 (NATO Foxhound-A) was developed as part of an overall programme to provide the Soviet air defenses with the ability to meet the threat posed by NATO low-level strike aircraft and cruise missiles. The prototype Ye-155MP first flew 1975; production of the MiG-31 began in 1979 and the type entered service in 1982. 

   The MiG-31's N-007 Zaslon radar was the world's first phased-array unit; it can track 10 targets simultaneously, and control the engagement of four of them at once. Operational experience showed that the MiG-31 was deficient in range and some 40-45 aircraft were fitted with semi-retractable in-flight refueling probes.

   Introduced in 1990, the MiG-31B gained an improved radar with better electronic counter measures capability, upgraded R-33S air-to-air missiles armament and improved avionics, including new digital processors. Existing MiG-31s were upgraded to the same standard as the MiG-31BS. 

   MiG-31s continue to form the back bone of Russia's air defenses. At least 300 are in service, equipping around 15 fighter regiments. Kazakhstan is the only former Soviet republic to operate the MiG-31, with a regiment based at Semipalatinsk.

   The MiG-31M remains the most advanced version of the Foxhound yet seen. It was designed to exploit the longer-range R-37 (with a claimed reach of up to 300 km) as well as the R-77 air-to-air missiles. It featured Zaslon-M radar, plus a range of new avionics systems, an extensively redesigned rear cockpit with new displays and uprated D-30F-6M engines. The first of seven flying MiG-31M prototypes made its maiden flight in 1985. The MiG-31M had the misfortune of being born at the wrong time, when defense budgets were being slashed. Today, the programme seems to be dead in the water. MiG MAP has proposed several MiG-31 variants for a variety of roles including defense suppression and long-range interdiction, as well as an export MiG-31E interceptor with downgraded radar. 

   The latest version is the MiG-31BM; this is billed as a true multi-role Foxhound, able to undertake long-range interception, precision strike and defense suppression tasks. Both cockpits feature advanced displays allowing the crew to deploy precision-guided munitions.

Mikoyan MiG 1.42 (1.44) MFI Demonstrator for multi-role tactical fighter

During the mid to late 1990s the aviation community was tantalised by the impending debut of Russia's first fifth-generation fighter, the Mikoyan MFI. The MFI was developed to counter the threat posed by the ATF programme under which the F-22 was created. Mikoyan claims that the MFI's combination of aerodynamic properties, armament and avionics render it superior to any contemporary fighter, including the F-22A.

   The aircraft rolled out in 1999 is apparently designated MiG 1.44 and is understood to be a demonstrator only. The planned production MFI was referred to as the 1.42. and would have a slightly different air intake design, an internal weapons bay (faired over on the 1.44) and, possibly, cranked-delta wings. The 1.44/1.42 is the first Russian fighter to employ a tail-first configuration. Weapons are mostly carried in an internal bay in the centre fuselage (faired over on the 1.44).

   It is believed, that the MFI is equipped with a pulse-Doppler fire control radar persistently referred to as NO-14. This phased-array unit is designed for beyond visual range combat and has the ability to attack six targets at a time.

   Prototype construction began in 1989, and after lengthy ground tests, the 1.44 made its first high-speed run in late 1994. Unfortunately, the programme had to be suspended before the 1.44 could become airborne due to ANPK MiG's dire financial problems. The 1.44 remained classified by the Russian Defense Ministry until it was finally publicly unveiled in January 1999. After great delay, the 1.44 finally made its brief but important first flight in January 2001. The future of the MFI remains unclear, and the line between it and the 1.44 remains equally blurred. It seems that the MFI programme was abandoned. The Russian air force's officially selected the new Sukhoi PAK FA as it's new fifth-generation fighter.

   However in 2010 photos of the new Chinese J-20 stealthy multi-role fighter appeared, which is very similar to the MiG 1.42. It is speculated, that development of the J-20 was assisted by the MiG aviation company.

IAI Kfir Multi-role fighter

France's embargo of Mirage 5J fighters in 1967 forced Israel to establish an indigenous aircraft industry. This led directly to an unlicenced copy of the Mirage III as the Nesher; in 2001 upgraded examples remain in service with the Argentinian air force. The Nesher was developed by Israel Aircraft Industries into the canard-equipped Kfir (Lion Cub). Integration of the new US-supplied J79 engine required total redesign of the rear fuselage and a cooling inlet in the dorsal fin. The new forward fuselage was extended to house avionics, including the Elta 2001B ranging radar and a comprehensive weapons delivery and navigation suite. The prototype was flown in 1973 and production Kfir C2s entered service in the fighter-bomber role with the IDF/AF in 1975.

   The tandem two-seat Kfir-TC2 was developed as a weapon-system trainer and EW (electronic warfare) platform. Some 185 C2s and TC2s were built, including 12 C2s exported to Ecuador in 1982, and another 11 to Colombia in 1988-89. Both customers also received to Kfir-TC2s. Ecuador's Kfirs clashed with Peruvian fighters during border disputes in 1995 and, along with Mirage F1s, have made three confirmed aerial kills. Virtually all surviving Israeli Kfirs were upgraded to Kfir-C7 and TC7 standards from 1983. These have two additional hardpoints, further avionics improvements and have what are, effectively, HOTAS cockpits.

   Kfirs remain in service only as reserves in Israeli and possibly equip up to five squadrons. The latest export customer is Sri Lanka which acquired six C2s and two TC2s from Israel in 1996. Sri Lankan Kfirs have been used in offensive actions against the Tamil Tiger rebel group.

   IAI has developed the Kfir 2000 upgrade for application to surplus Israeli Kfir airframes made available for export. The main addition is a new radome housing an Elta EL-2032 multi-mode radar that allows delivery of PGMs. Some Ecuadorian Kfirs have been upgraded to Kfir CE configuration with Elta EL-2034-5 radar.

IAI Lavi Multi-role fighter

The Lavi (young lion) multi-role fighter was developed by the Israel Aircraft Industry (IAI) in the 1980s. First prototype made it's maiden flight in 1986. Original requirement was for 300 aircraft of this type to replace the Skyhawks. The Lavi fighter project was cancelled in 1987 due to funding problems. Only five airframes were ever built. One of the project cancellation reasons was that this fighter did not represent a sufficient advantage over the F-16 and other comparable aircraft. Nevertheless it was an important milestone in the development of the IAF. Later Israel acquired a large number of American planes.

  The Lavi aircraft has a delta wing with large steerable canards at the front. Aircraft was powered by a single Pratt & Whitney engine, fitted with an afterburner.

   Avionics of the IAI Lavi were considered to be innovative. It was completed with sophisticated fly-by-wire system. This fighter was also equipped with advanced pulse Doppler radar.

   Primary mission for this aircraft was close air support and interdiction. It was armed with a single 30-mm cannon and could carry over 7 000 kg of missiles and bombs on 11 hardpoints and two wingtip rails.

   Both single-seat and two-seat versions were developed. The two-seater was fully combat capable advanced trainer. Second prototype of the Lavi was fitted with an in-flight refueling probe.

   Some sources claim, that Chinese Chengdu J-10 multi-role fighter was influenced by the IAI Lavi. Other sources claim, that some technologies of this aircraft were transferred to China and South African Republic.  

HAL Tejas Lightweight multi-role fighter

The Indian Tejas (Radiance) is a lightweight multi-role fighter, developed by Aeronautical Development Agency and manufactured by HAL. The Tejas made it's maiden flight in 2001 and limited production of this aircraft commenced in 2007. It was expected to reach full operational capability with the Indian Air Force in 2010 and gradually replace the ageing MiG-21s, MiG-23s, MiG-27, Jaguars and Mirage 2000s. Currently it's production status is uncertain.

   The Light Combat Aircraft or LCA programme was launched in 1983. It was intended develop completely indigenous fighter, which would replace the MiG-21. At that time the MiG-21 was a mainstay of the Indian Air Force. In 1984 the Aeronautical Development Agency was established to manage the LCA programme. The first technology demonstrator was completed in 1995, however it was grounded due to troubles with flight control system.

   It is a delta wing design, powered by a single engine. Composite materials are widely used in the airframe to keep the weight down. These aircraft will be powered by General Electric F404-GE-IN20 as an interim powerplant, until the GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri turbofan becomes available. Other engines might also be fitted. Both of these engines are fitted with afterburners. The Tejas is fitted with fly-by-wire control system and multi-mode radar.

   The HAL Tejas multi-role fighter can carry a wide range of weapons, mainly of Russian origin. Aircraft is fitted with eight under-wing and under-fuselage hardpoints. Maximum capacity is over 4 000 kg of external ordnance and fuel. It can carry Astra, R-77 (AA-12 Adder) beyond visual range and R-73 (AA-11 Archer) short-range air-to-air missiles. Air-to-surface missiles include the Kh-59 with TV or laser guidance, Kh-35 or Kh-31 anti-ship missiles. Aircraft can also carry various bombs, including cluster or precision-guided. It is fitted with a single twin-barrel 23-mm cannon.

   A two-seat conversion trainer is under development. It is reported that Indian Air Force has requirement for 200 single-seat fighters and 20 two-seat conversion trainers.

   The Light Combat Aircraft (Naval) or LCA(N) is a naval version of the Tejas. It a two-seat naval aircraft made it's first flight in 2012. A single seat naval multi-role fighter is currently under development. Indian Navy might order 40 of these aircraft to replace the Sea Harriers. These are expected to enter service until 2016.

Dassault Mirage F1 Multi-role fighter

Dassault's successor to the Mirage III dispensed with the traditional delta layout and adopted a more conventional configuration. The resulting Mirage F1 has 40 per cent more internal fuel in a smaller airframe, a much shorter field length, three times the supersonic endurance, twice the tactical radius at low levels and all-round better maneuverability.

   The prototype F1 first flew in 1966. The F1C all-weather interceptor reached l'Armee de l'Air units in 1973, and when production ended in 1992, some 762 aircraft of all versions had been built.

   F1 variants follow a similar designation system applied to earlier Mirage IIIs and include the F1A simplified for day attack, F1B and F1D dual-control trainers, multi-role Mirage F1E, F1CR multi-sensor reconnaissance platform and F1C-200 with fixed IFR probe. The arrival of the Mirage 2000 saw the conversion of surplus F1C airframes to F1CT standard as tactical fighter-bombers.

   The F1 was exported widely and has seen extensive combat with the majority of its operators; conflicts have included the Persian Gulf tanker war (during which Iraq's Exocet-armed F1EQs attacked oil tankers in international waters), South Africa's externals into neighboring countries and Desert Storm.

   The F1 remained in widespread service in 2001. France operates two squadrons each of F1CRs and F1CTs, a conversion unit equipped with trainers and a small detachment of F1C interceptors for the defense of Djibouti. Other operators comprise Greece, Iraq, Jordar, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, and Spain. Jordan's elderly F1CJ/EJs are being replaced by F-16s. Iraq was the largest export customer, acquiring 108 F1EQs to various standards. The remaining significant operator is Spain, whose force of F1CE/F1EEs has been augmented by 12 ex-Qatari F1EDA/DDAs.

Dassault Mirage 2000B/C Multi-role fighter

For the third generation of its Mirage warplane series, Dassault returned to the delta configuration -  using negative longitudinal stability and an fly-by-wire flight control system - to eliminate many of the shortcomings of a conventionally controlled delta. This combination confers the resulting Mirage 2000 with exceptional maneuverability. A high-priority development programme was launched to ensure a service debut in 1982. The first of five prototypes made its maiden flight in March 1978. Delivery of 124 production 2000C single-seat interceptors began to the Armee de l'air in 1983.

   Three units were equipped, with early aircraft fitted with M53-5 engines and RDM radar. The 38th 2000C introduced the definitive initial standard with the M53-P2 engine and RDI radar optimized for look-down/shoot-down intercepts with Super 530D semi-active radar-homing air-to-air missiles.

   The Mirage 2000B is the two-seat conversion trainer equivalent of the 2000C; it dispenses with both cannon and features a small fuselage stretch to accommodate a second seat. All trainers retain full combat capability and have RDI radar (except first 15 aircraft) and M53-5 engines. Orders were terminated in 1991 as an economy measure after the completion of 30 production 2000Bs.

   Export series aircraft are designated 2000E (single-seat) and 20000ED (trainer). Aircraft similar to early production French 2000B/Cs were built for Egypt (20), India (49) and Peru (12), while Mirages with upgraded electronic warfare suites were built for Abu Dhabi (36) and Greece (30). Abu Dhabi's order also included eight 2000RAD reconnaissance variants able to carry side-looking airborne radar, long-range oblique photography and other podded sensors.

   The much-improved 2000-5 introduced RDY multi-mode radar (compatible with MICA air-to-air missiles), improved cockpit systems and an upgraded electronic warfare suite. Some 37 French 2000Cs were upgraded to 2000-5F standard in 1994-97. Exports have been made to Taiwan in 1997-98 and subsequently to Qatar.

Dassault Rafale Multi-role fighter

The Dassault Rafale will form the cornerstone of French air power until well into the 21st century. The programme began with the Rafale A technology demonstrator that was first flown on 4 July 1986. This established the basic aerodynamic design and evaluated the delta canard configuration, performance, FBW control system and composite-based structure. The generic Rafale D (Discret, or stealthy) - prototype for the Armee de l'Air versions - is slightly smaller and lighter.

   The Rafale features some of the very latest avionics systems including RBE2 multi-mode radar (the first in Europe with two-plane electronic scanning), advanced pilot's helmet with sight and display, Spectra countermeasures system and OSF - a jam-resistant passive optronic surveillance and imaging system with laser rangefinder.

   The Aeronavale will acquire the single-seat Rafale M interceptors and strike/attack aircraft for operation from the carrier Charles de Gaulle. This is similar to land-based counterparts but features major reinforcement of the landing gear, plus a jump-strut that allows automatic unstick rotation. The Aeronavale's has a requirement for 86 aircraft, but procurement is likely to be limited to 60 aircraft initially. The Armee de l'Air plans to acquire 82 single-seat Rafale Cs and 130 two-seat Rafale Cs. 

These will be designated as Rafale F and will be delivered in several standards: F1 optimised for the air-to-air role but lacking ASMP capability, OSF and Spectra; F2 with improved air-to-surface capability (including the SCALP SOM dispenser) and the definitive Rafale F3 with improved radar. The 20 907-lb st (93.00-kN) M88-3 turbofan will become standard later in the programme. Milestones were marked with the first flights of the prototype Rafale C in May 1991 and Rafale M in December 1991, and the Rafale B in April 1993. The Rafale M is the first operational Rafale variant, which entered service in 2001. The Armee de l'Air received F1-specification Rafales in 2002.

Eurofighter Typhoon Multi-role fighter

The Eurofighter Typhoon will form the cornerstone of European air power until well into the 21st century. Much experience of the type's main cocepts were proven by the BAe EAP technology demonstrator programme of the late 1980s. These concepts include an unstable delta canard configuration, active digital fly-by-wire control system, a HOTAS cockpit and highly capable though complex avionics that even include direct voice command input.

   In June 1986 the Eurofighter consortium was formed by Germany, Italy, the UK and, later, Spain, to develop a new multi-role combat aircraft, optimised as a beyond visual range interceptor with a secondary ground-attack capability. Other consortia have been formed to develop the EJ200 engine, ECR90 multi-mode radar, IRST and advanced defensive aids sub-system (DAAS). DASS comprises an integrated package of missile approach, laser and radar-warning elements together with wingtip mounted ESM and electronic counter measures pods and fuselage-mounted chaff/flare dispensers and a towed radar decoy.

   An initial 1988 contract covered construction of eight prototypes (to be built in all of the partner countres). Funding was divided in proportion to the various national industrial participations, with respective national requirements being finally settled on in 2000 as a maximum of 297 for the UK, 180 for Germany, 130 for Italy and 103 for Spain. In addition, an export order for 60 Typhoons plus 30 options for Greece was signed in 1999. It was also ordered by Saudi Arabia.

   The first two Eurofighter 2000 prototypes, completed in Germany and the UK as DA.1 and DA.2 respectively, undertook their maiden flights on 27 March and 6 April 1994. These have been followed by six further prototypes (including a pair of two-seaters) that are used as testbeds for the EJ200 engine, ECR90 radar and for avionics and weapons integration. In 1998 Eurofighter 2000 received the name Typhoon, and the first production aircraft rolled out in the second half of 2001.

SAC J-8 Finback Air superiority fighter

Built only in small numbers up to 1987, the J-8 resembled little more than a scaled-up twin-engined MiG-21 and had only a limited combat capability. Revealed in 1984, the J-8 l Finback-A was an all-weather development with a basic fire-control radar, 23-mm cannon and missile armament.

   The J-8 I first flew in prototype form in 1981 and was followed by around 100 production aircraft (including J-8s upgraded as J-8 Is). In 1981 work began on the much revised J-8 II Finback-B with uprated engines, replacement of the nose inlet by two lateral inlets, and the addition of a monopulse search radar. The first of four J-8 II prototypes made its maiden flight in 1984 and these have been followed by at least 24 production J-8 IIs.

   SAC and Grumman co-operated to develop an improved J-8 II with modernized avionics, radar and weapons systems but this programme was terminated by the USA in 1989. Despite this setback, SAC has developed the upgraded F-8 IIM that represents a major advance. Installation of a Phazotron Zhuk-8 II multi-mode pulse-Doppler radar gives compatibility with R-27/AA-10 Alamo air-to-air missiles - the first beyond visual range weapons to be associated publicly with a Chinese combat aircraft. Other possible air-to-air missiles may include an air-launched variant of the LY-60 SAM (itself a weapon that uses technology from the Italian Aspide) and the Russian Vympel R-77/AA-12 Adder. The F-8 IIM also features a hands on throttle and stick-equipped cockpit and uprated engines.

 Other proposed indigenously-developed improvements include low-altitude navigation and forward-looking infra-red/targeting pods, integral jamming system, a digital fly-by-wire flight control system and helmet-mounted sight. The first rebuilt F-8 IIM made its maiden flight in 1996 and an unknown number have been built o date.

   The F-8 IIM may have been developed for export, as an upgrade for the PLAAF's J-8s, or simply as a testbed to integrate technologies already in place on Chinese Su-27s on an indigenous airframe. Around 100 J-8 I/IIs currently serve with four PLAAF regiments; the type may also serve with the PLAN-AF.

Chengdu J-10 Multi-role fighter

The J-10 multi-role fighter is the first Chinese-developed combat aircraft that approaches Western fighters in terms of performance and capabilities.

   Development of the J-10 began in 1988. It was intended to counter threat posed by the Soviet forth-generation fighters - the MiG-29 and Su-27. The J-10 was initially planned as an air-superiority fighter, however collapse of the Soviet Union and changing requirements shifted the development towards a multi-role fighter. Aircraft made it's maiden flight in 1998. The whole project was kept under high secrecy. It is worth mentioning, that the first photos of the J-10 came out only 3-4 years after the first flight. Some sources claim that it was influenced by the IAI Lavi. The J-10 multi-role fighter entered service with Chinese air force in 2004, however it was first publicly revealed only in 2006. It is estimated that 300 fighter of this type will be required for Chinese air force and possibly naval aviation too. A number of countries, including Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan and Thailand shown interest in purchasing this aircraft.

   The J-10 has a single engine. The first batch of about 50 aircraft is powered by Russian AL-31FN turbofan engines. This batch was delivered to Chinese air force between 2004 and 2006. An indigenous Taihang turbofan is under development.

   The J-10 has beyond visual range air combat and surface attack capabilities. Aircraft has 11 external hardpoints for a range of weapons. Alternatively it can carry target acquisition, navigation pods or auxiliary fuel tanks. It is worth mentioning that the J-10 has an in-flight refueling capability.

   The main armament on the air-superiority missions are the PL-12 medium-range active radar-homing air-to-air missiles. For close ranges it carries the PL-8 infrared-homing missiles. For surface attack role the J-10 carries up to six 500-kg laser-guided bombs, free-fall bombs or 90-mm unoperated rocket pods. Aircraft is also completed with a single-barrel 23-mm cannon.

   The J-10 is fitted with an indigenously designed pulse-doppler fire control radar. It is capable of tracking 10 targets simultaneously and attacking 4 of them. Estimated maximum detection range is 100 km. Aircraft is fitted with a fly-by-wire system.

   A two-seat variant, the J-10S fighter-trainer, is available. It is identical to the single-seat variant, but has a stretched fuselage to accommodate second pilot seat. The J-10S can be used for pilot training or as a standard fighter. This aircraft maid it's maiden flight in 2003.

Variants

   J-10B multi-role fighter, with improved airframe and avionics. It is likely to become a standard production model.

Chengdu J-20 Stealthy multi-role fighter

 Photos of the new Chinese J-20 stealthy multi-role aircraft appeared in 2010. It was designed to compete against other fifth-generation fighters, such as the US F-22 Raptor and Russian PAK-FA. However some sources suggest, that this aircraft is not a fighter but a tactical bomber. It is speculated, that development of the J-20 was assisted by the Russian MiG aviation company. After collapse of the Soviet Union this aviation giant suffered from loss of orders and uncertain future.

   It is quiet unusual that photos of this aircraft came out even before the first flight, considering that all Chinese military programs are kept in high secrecy. If it will enter production, the J-20 might be operational with Chinese air force by 2017-2019.

   The new J-20 has a canard-delta configuration, blended fuselage with low radar cross-section, and large canted twin tails. Externally it is similar to the cancelled Russian MiG 1.42 multi-role fighter. The MiG 1.42 demonstrator was revealed in 1999. It made it's first flight in 2001, however the program was suspended due to funding problems.

   It seems that the new J-20 has a large internal weapon bay to reduce radar cross-section, and large fuel tanks for long-range missions.

   It is unknown what engine this new stealthy aircraft is using right now, or which engine will be used on production model. Some sources claim, that it's engine might be of a Russian origin. It is worth mentioning, that one area, where China is particularly weak is jet engines.

   It seems, that J-20 is not the only fifth-generation aircraft program, that is running in the Chinese aviation industry.

JF-17 Thunder Multi-role fighter

The Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder multi-role fighter was jointly developed by China and Pakistan. Most of the development was carried out in China by Chengdu, however development costs were split equally. It was reported that Russian Mikoyan design bureau provided some assistance in development of this aircraft, which started in 1999. Aircraft made it's maiden flight in 2003. Official Chinese designation is the Fighter China-1 or FC-1 Xiaolong (Fiece Dragon). First fighters were delivered to Pakistan in 2007 - 2008. A further order for 42 was signed in 2009. It is speculated that total requirement of the Pakistani Air Force is for 250 fighters. This multi-role aircraft is also proposed for developing countries as a low-cost replacement, for their ageing types. Recently Azerbaijan ordered 26 of these fighters.

   It is worth mentioning that the FC-1 traces it's origins to the Super-7 programme. It was a joint Chengdu-Grumman development project to upgrade the Chinese J-7 fighter. This programme was cancelled in 1990. China continued the Super-7 project and renamed the design as the FC-1.

   The JF-17 Thunder has a conventional aerodynamic layout. Aircraft is fitted with Russian Klimov RD-93 turbofan engine with afterburner. It is a derivative of the RD-33, used on the MiG-29. In 2007 a contract was signed to supply 150 RD-93 engines for the JF-17, exported to Pakistan. China is also developing an indigenous turbofan engine, which is a copy of the RD-93, but has some modifications. It is designated as the WS-13 (Tianshan-21).

   The Thunder multi-role fighters delivered to Pakistan are fitted with Italian Grifo S-7 multi-track, multi-mode pulse Doppler radar. It has look-down, shoot-down capability. Other radars can be fitted. Avionics systems will be gradually upgraded in later batches.

   This aircraft is intended for air defense and ground attack missions. It is armed with a single 23-mm GSh-23 or 30-mm GSh-30 twin-barrel cannon. Maximum weapon payload is about 3.7 t. There are five hardpoints and two wingtips for missiles and fuel tanks. The JF-17 has beyond visual range attack capability. It's primary weapon are Chinese PL-12/SD-10 medium-range air-to-air missiles with active radar-homing. 

Aircraft also carries short-range Chinese PL-7, PL-8, PL-9 or US AIM-9P, mounted on wingtip rails. The JF-17 multi-role fighter can also carry general purpose of laser-guided bombs. Aircraft has no in-flight refueling capability.

   A twin-seater variant of this fighter is proposed.

MiG-23 FLOGGER YF-113

The MiG-23 served in both the Soviet Air Force and PVO [Air Defense] Aviation Troops inventory. The MiG-23 series served as fighter-interceptors, with a secondary capability of ground attack. Meant as a point defense fighter, the Flogger offered a powerful radar, an infrared search and track system, a selection of radar and infrared guided weapons and tremendous speed (Mach 2.35) to counter its adversaries. In addition to a much more powerful engine, the MiG-23's most significant new feature was its variable sweep wing. Like the USAF's swing wing F-111, the sweep of the wings could be changed in flight. Fully spread, this gives a shorter takeoff/landing roll while carrying a heavier weapons load. With the wings fully swept back, the MiG-23 has greater speed. The wing has three sweep settings: 16, 45, and 72 degrees. The MiG-23 was designed in 1964-66 as a successor to the MiG-21. The prototype first flew in April 1967 and MiG-23s began entering operational service in 1971.

In 1967 during the airshow at Domodedovo, thousands of spectators caught sight of an aircraft in the air forthe first time which changed its configuration three times in a single fiight. The OKB [Experimental Design Bureau] imeni A.I. Mikoyan gave the MiG-23 fighter aircraft itsticket to life with a swept-wing that varied its sweep in flight (range of the angle change is from 16� to 72�). The MiG-23's aerodynamic design provided the aircraft with high lift qualities, and flight at very low altitudes and in the stratosphere. An almost straight wing with a sweep angle of 16� ensured comparatively low take-off and landing speeds and the capability to operate at airfields with shortened take-off and landing strips (concrete or dirt). A wing with a sweep of 45� makes the fighter aircraft highly maneuverable in a dog fight. The aircraft can perform the entire series of aerobatic maneuvers. At a sweep angle of 72�, the MiG-23 becomes similar to an arrow that has been shot from a bow and successfully intercepts air targets at high altitudes and, when necessary, near the ground at supersonic speeds.

The wings are high-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips. There is one turbofan engine inside the body. There are rectangular, box-like air intakes forward of the wing roots and a single exhaust. The fuselage is long and tubular, except where intakes give a box-like appearance. It has a long, pointed nose and a stepped canopy. There is a large, swept-back, and tapered belly fin under the rear section. The tail is swept-back, has a tapered tail fin, has a curved dorsal in the leading edge and an angular tip. Swept-back, tapered flats have angular tips and are high-mounted on the fuselage.

The MiG-23 Frontal Aviation fighter aircraft could conduct a dog fight with any enemy of the time, thanks to improvements that have been made to the airframe design, equipment and weapons systems. The MiG-23's onboard systems and its missile armament provided the fighter aircraft with all angle intercept of air targets at a broad range of altitudes and speeds. The onboard radar is capable of operating in the back-ground of the earth and the all-angle of attack medium range missiles with the semiactive radar homing and heat seeking guidance heads permit the MiG-23 fighter to conduct successful dog fights at medium range. Six short-range missiles, a built-in high-speed 23-mm cannon and the onboard radar's rapid automatic target lock-on, and the capability for the pilot to select the optimal sweep wing angle makes the MiG-23 highly effective in dog fights.

During enemy use of electronic countermeasures, the pilot can utilize the TP-23 onboard IR radar that expands the aircraft's combat capabilities for detection and tracking of air targets and ensures un-detectability of attack. The flight-control and navigation equipment that has been installed on the MiG-23 makes the fighter anall-weather aircraft that actively operates during the dayand at night, and under conditions of limited ground radar support. The pilot can perform aircraft preparation for the next sortie when he is away from the aircraft's home base.