2012年5月31日星期四

Thermionic Emitter in Spacecrafts

Thermionic conversion for space power application

Efforts to develop thermionic conversion for space power application are discussed. Tungsten, niobium and Al2O3 were selected as the emitter, collect and insulator materials for the converter. Uranium carbides and uranium oxide were selected as candidates for the nuclear fuel. A total of 36 fueled thermionic converters and

fuel elements were life-tested during 1965 to 1972. These tests, supported by a dozen converter tests and several material irradiation tests, provided the base

of the in-core thermionic technology. Unfueled converters demonstrated a life of five years or more, while fueled converter fuel elements have been operated for one to one and one-half years. The major limiting factors for converter life and

performance were: component diffusion through cladding and emitter cracking for carbide-fueled converters, and emitter swelling for the oxide-fuel converters.

Various means for mitigating the fuel effects on converter life and performance were proposed but they were not thoroughly evaluated.

Components for Quartz Glass Production

Quartz glass or quartz material is produced in special high-temperature furnaces due to the high melting temperatures (approx. 2000°C). The heart of such a furnace consists of a melting crucible, which is continually filled with quartz sand and heated to melting temperature.

The melting crucibles therefore consist of riveted or pressed / sintered (seamless) tubes made of molybdenum or tungsten or a combination of Mo/W.

The quartz glass tubes or rods are removed through an orifice. The heating system consists essentially of tungsten mesh or rod heating elements. To achieve or regulate the desired dimensions, a plug and plug pole made of refractory metals are necessary in addition to the orifice plate.

Areas of application for quartz glass are lighting technology, the semiconductor industry as well as fibre-optic technology. Quartz material is used for temperature measurement and also in the foundry industry.
Fittings for the Quartz Glass Production
Chinatungsten Online produces fittings as hoppers, radiation shields, and fasteners in molybdenum, tungsten and WL which are necessary for the quartz glass production. When using our materials not only the lifetime of the fittings but also the lifetime of the whole equipment can be increased.

Combustion Chamber of Turbo Engines

What is Turbo Engines?
As we know, turbo engine is the heat engine which is conditioned by their maximum intake temperature, and it is limited by the behavior of the constituent materials of the articles that are most exposed to heat and constraints.

Why choose tungsten alloy?
Concerns for environmental protection have led designers of aviation turbo engines to search for means to reduce the proportion of pollutants in the exhaust gases of the engines. It is known that the principal problems in the matter of pollution of aviation turbo engines are, on the one hand, the emission of carbon monoxide, of hydrocarbons, and of various unburnt residues during operation on the ground and, on the other hand, the emission of nitrogen oxides and of particles during take-off and during cruising at altitude. There fore, tungsten alloy products are increasingly accepted by public in this case.
Conventional combustion chambers are generally of optimized rating for take-off or near take-off operation. This signifies that, in the primary zone of the combustion chamber, a fraction of the air flow of the compressor is introduced so that, with the injected fuel, the fuel-air mixture in this zone would be essentially stoichiometric in these modes. Under these conditions, due to the levels of temperature and high pressures, as complete as possible a combustion is obtained, combustion yields greater than 0.99 are attained, the speeds of the chemical reaction being optimum for these stoichimoetric mixtures.

In contrast, at low ratings, at idle or nearly so, the total richness in the chamber is only about half that at take-off; in addition, the pressures and temperatures at the outlet of the compressor are lower; the result is that the chamber, with the partial charge is very much maladjusted and that the slow speed combustion efficiency rarely goes beyond 0.93. The combustion is, therefore, very incomplete, which means much higher concentrations of carbon monoxide and unburnt residues at the exhaust than under normal operation. The proportions of the pollutants are all the higher, the lower the total yield of the combustion.

However, it appears to be possible to improve the performance of a combustion chamber by acting on four factors:
The timing of vaporization of the fuel,
The timing of the air-fuel mixture,
The timing of the fresh gas/burnt gas mixture,
The timing of the chemical reaction.
The first two times can be considered negligible at high ratings because of the pressures which are attained, but it is not so at low ratings. In fact, in order to increase the speed of the vaporization of the fuel, it must be transformed into fine droplets, which, in normal operation, is easily realized by the conventional mechanical atomizing injector, but the performance which is obtained in the lower ratings is poor. This is due to the fact that, if the fuel is well divided into droplets, these are poorly mixed with air in the primary zone and local zones would appear which have a richness which is too high. In the end, it would be necessary that each droplet would have around it the quantity of gas necessary for its vaporization and for its combustion, i.e., a quantity of gas which results in a stoichiometric mixture with the oxygen molecules after complete varporization. In order to accomplish this, systems such as aerodynamic injection have been proposed. Aerodynamic type injectors generally comprise whirling, or swirler vanes through which the air from the compressor is introduced, which serves to atomize the fuel. An air/fuel pre-mixture is thus obtained.

The fresh gas/burnt gas mixture must also be advantageous because it contributes to the increase in the temperature of the carburized mixture and, therefore, aids in its atomization and consequently permits an improvement in the speed of the chemical reaction. In conventionally allowing this contact of the carburized mixture with the high temperature gas from the combustion it is desirable to arrange for a recirculation of the latter by searching for a convenient turbulence level.

All of these solutions, which allow an improvement in the combustion yield have, however, a maximum efficiency only for values sufficient for the pressures and temperatures of the air at the chamber inlet.
As far as the reaction time is concerned, it is necessary to additionally research an optimization of the richness of the mixture, the ideal would be to be able to obtain a stoichiometric air/fuel proportion in the flame stabilization zone, regardless of the operation of the engine.
A first objective of this product is to provide a novel solution to the problem of low operating combustion for a chamber which includes aerodynamic type or pre-atomization injectors, which are mounted in the base of the chamber. In fact, in the case of a conventional chamber of this type, which is arranged to provide a stoichiometric mixture at take-off, about one-third of the air flow necessary for the combustion is introduced in the injection system and two-thirds by the primary orifices.
All of these factors are advantageous for a reduction of the reaction times and could lead to a reduction of the length of the combustion chamber and thus to a limitation of the dwell time of the gases in the latter.
As far as the chambers of the annular or nozzle-shaped type are concerned, it is possible to design the intermediate segment in the form of an annular zone which is common to all the injectors. The intermediate segment would then be formed of a circular base located in a plane which is perpendicular to the axis of the chamber to which the injectors are attached, and of two annular lateral walls which are welded, at the one end, to the circular base and on the other end to the base of the chamber, defining an annular volume which flares towards downstream, various forms could be adapted for the lateral walls, in a manner analogous to the case of the intermediate segment itself to each injector. They could each particularly be generated by a straight line and then each form a conic wall at the downstream end on which the holes, which are designed for the introduction of the fourth flow of air are located, distributed over one or several circles which are located on one or several planes which are perpendicular to the axis of the chamber. Each of the lateral walls could be formed of two truncated conical sections, with the connecting axes welded end to end, of which the angles at the top increase towards downstream, the small diameter holes which are designed for the injection of the fourth air flow being located immediately ahead of the joint which is formed by the joining of the two truncated cones, and distributed over one or several planes which are perpendicular to the common axis of the truncated cones. They could also be formed of a first truncated portion, with a top angle between 60° and 100°, comprising, at its downstream end, an annular zone which is located in a plane which is perpendicular to the axis of the chamber, in which the small diameter holes are drilled, which are designed for the injection of the fourth air flow, the holes being distributed over one or several circles which are coaxial with the said zone and having their axis normal to the generators of the truncated portion, to which an annular zone is joined where they are drilled. This last arrangement proves to be particularly advantageous in the case of a high performance chamber because of the fact that it suppresses the hot slip-streams behind the jets which correspond to the fourth flow.
The diameter of the holes, which are designed for the injection of the fourth flow, in the intermediate annular segment, which will represent 1/6 to 1/3 of the primary air, will have a diameter between 1/10 and 1/40 of the maximum dimension of the flared segment, measured on a radius of the chamber.
The cooling of the downstream ends of each lateral wall by a fifth air flow obviously works, the holes which are designed for the injection of this fifth flow being located in the immediate proximity of the joint between each lateral wall and the chamber, the values of the angles and the flow being identical to that mentioned in the case of the chambers for which each injector possesses its own intermediate segment.
The penetration of the intermediate segment could also be realized in order to increase the volume of the secondary recirculation zone; its depth of penetration will then be between one-fifth and one-half of the maximum dimensions of the intermediate segment, measured on a radius of the chamber.
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2012年5月29日星期二

Tungsten Trioxide

Tungsten(VI) oxide, also known as tungsten trioxide or tungstic anhydride, WO3, is a chemical compound containing oxygen and the transition metal tungsten. It is obtained as an intermediate in the recovery of tungsten from its minerals.[1] Tungsten ores are treated with alkalis to produce WO3. Further reaction with carbon or hydrogen gas reduces tungsten trioxide to the pure metal.
2 WO3 + 3 C + heat → 2 W + 3 CO2
WO3 + 3 H2 + heat → W + 3 H2O
Tungsten(VI) oxide occurs naturally in form of hydrates, which include minerals: tungstite WO3·H2O, meymacite WO3·2H2O and hydrotungstite (of same composition as meymacite, however sometimes written as H2WO4). These minerals are rare to very rare secondary tungsten minerals.



History:
Tungsten has a rich history dating back to its discovery during the 18th century. Peter Woulfe was the first to recognize a new element in the naturally occurring mineral, wolframite. Tungsten was originally known as wolfram, explaining the choice of "W" for its elemental symbol. Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele contributed to its discovery as well with his studies on the mineral scheelite.
In 1841, a chemist named Robert Oxland gave the first procedures for preparing tungsten trioxide and sodium tungstate. He was granted patents for his work soon after, and is considered to be the founder of systematic tungsten chemistry.

Preparation:
Tungsten trioxide can be prepared in several different ways. CaWO4, or scheelite, is allowed to react with HCl to produce tungstic acid, which decomposes to WO3 and water at high temperatures.
CaWO4 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2WO4
H2WO4 + heat → H2O + WO3
Another common way to synthesize WO3 is by calcination of ammonium paratungstate (APT) under oxidizing conditions:
(NH4)10[H2W12O42]•4H2O → 12 WO3 + 10 NH3 + 11 H2O


More knowledge please into tungsten directory sites.

2012年5月15日星期二

Tungsten Carbide Diamond Routers


As well as tipped saws and cutters, Diamond Routers can be used not only for hard-to cutting materials like Inorganic group, Woody group, Plastic group, Non-ferrous metal group but also Plywood and Lumber, too. Application ranges of process are for drilling, cylinder boring, grooving, caving, chamfering, drawing etc.
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Tungsten Carbide Diamond Cutters


Tungsten carbide diamond cutters, we can make not only straight teeth type but also combination teeth type or formed pattern with customer's needs. Combination type like tongue and groove can maintain best condition for a long period without change of dimensions.(Application ranges are planning, chamfering, grooving, formed pattern, composite processing with combination and so on.)
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Tungsten Diamond Tipped Saws


The Diamond Tipped Saw has 40-100 times longer life than a Tungsten Carbide Tipped Saw. Then it suits to process hard-to-machine materials such as Inorganic materials, Wood, Plastic, Non-ferrous metals and so on. The quality, design and shape of the diamond tips are developed along with years of know how and history in development from tungsten carbide tipped saws.
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Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tools For Metal Working

Orion's cutting tools for metal working are unknown best seller. We are a professional maker of Tungsten Carbide Tools and have a great honor about our special technical products of metalworking. Please talk to us with full information about cutting material, purpose to use, name of machine, cutting conditions and so on..
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Tungsten Carbide Routers


A router is mainly small size of diameter. So difficult to maintain stable cutting performance. We "ORION" challenge to overcome this problem and provide good cutting quality and fine processing.
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Tungsten Carbide Cutters


Orion intends to create cutting tools with full satisfaction and going ahead of our customer's needs. This direction achieves quite good results in the field of products which are mostly special order from our customers and which are required convinced and affluent idea.
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Tungsten Carbide Tipped Saws

Cutting work using Tungsten Carbide Tipped Saws has sufficient advantage in durability by keeping the best use of Tungsten Carbide Alloy. Also their cutting surfaces are smooth and stable. Please select the best type of tools suit for cutting conditions.
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Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tools



Carbide cutting tools are widely know for its sturdiness,excellent working performance, longer functionality and well wear & corrosive resistance. These carbide cutting tools are in high demand in engineering industry and can be availed by our clients at market leading prices.

Characteristics of Carbide Cutting Tools
Making use of sophisticated technology in manufacturing process has made these cutting tools durable, ant-corrosive and dimensionally accurate. These are highly durable and have excellent cutting edge quality that ensures optimum performance. Further, these are also temperature resistant and provide.

Understanding various requirements or drawings of our clients, we design carbdie cutting tools in different specifications. 

Our range of carbide cutting tools includes carbide inserts, indexable inserts, rotary file, carbide saw blade, carbide end mill, carbide saw, and so on. 

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Gold Plated Tungsten Chain

Gold plated tungsten chain capture the essence of fashion is as popular in hip hop today as it was in the 80’s and 90’s.
Wearing gold symbolizes great wealth and social prestige, while wearing authentic gold jewelry can be expensive. In the past ten years, the price of gold per ounce has more than tripled. So what do you do when you want to wear an iced out yellow gold chain necklace but can’t afford it? You come to tungsten-jewellery.com where we offer the latest gold plated tungsten chain styles at a fraction of the price. Gold plated tungsten chains look identical to the real ones you see on your favorite celebrities and will never go out of style.
Gold Plated Tungsten Chain
Gold Plated Tungsten Chain
Gold Plated Tungsten Chain
Gold Plated Tungsten Chain
Gold Plated Tungsten Chain
Gold Plated Tungsten Chain
Gold Plated Tungsten Chain
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2012年5月14日星期一

Tungsten Heavy Metal Cube


Since tungsten metal is hard to be machined,the common remote process could not make it perfect. But Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is an ideal manufacture process to making tungsten alloy cubes. MIM is suitable to manufacture the metal and ceramic component with the property of complex three-dimensional structure, high density, high rigidity, high precision, etc.. The smaller, more precise, more complex, MIM have more advantage, the density comes 95%-98%. The high density of WHAs makes it possible to significantly reduce the physical size of components. This in turn, gives the benefit of greater control of weight distribution and increases the sensitivity of controlling mechanisms. Where a large mass must be housed within a restricted area, WHAs are the ideal material. 

What is Metal Injection Molding ?
Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is a growth technology for manufacturing complex-shaped,high-volume metal or alloy parts. Metal Injection Molding (MIM) parts can be produced from ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys. 

The advantages of Metal Injection Molding
Density: Typically 95-98% of wrought material. Mechanical Properties - Comparable to wrought alloys of similar composition. Complexity - Geometries comparable to plastic injection molding. Surface Finish: As processed, 32 ram or better. Corrosion Resistance - Comparable to wrought alloys of similar composition. Alloy Selection - Many ferrous, nickel-based and copper-based alloys available.

2012年5月13日星期日

钨合金发展历史

        1907年,一种低镍含量的钨合金问世, 它是通过机械加工方法制备的,但是严重的脆性妨碍了它的应用。直到1909年,美国通用电器公司的库利奇(wDCoolidge)通过粉末冶金法制得 钨坯条,再利用机械加工生产出在室温下具有延性的钨丝,从而奠定了钨丝加工业的基础,也奠定了粉末冶金的基础。
 
  然而这种延性钨合金在灯泡点燃后表现出明显的脆性。1913年,平奇(Pintsch) 明了钍钨丝(ThO2 含量为1%2%),从而使白炽灯丝的脆性大大降低。起初,灯丝的下垂(见钨丝的抗下垂性能)并不是一个问题,因为此时的灯丝是直丝,但1913年以后, 兰米尔(Langmuir)将直丝改为螺旋丝,这样,当灯泡使用时,高的工作温度和自重的作用使灯丝下垂,因而纯钨和钍钨都难以满足使用要求。
 
  为了解决钨丝下垂和寿命短等问题,1917年,柏斯(APacz)发明了高温下不变形的钨合金。起初,他在制备纯钨时采用耐火坩埚焙烧WO3,无意中发现用这种WO3还原所得钨粉制成的钨丝螺 旋,经再结晶后异常神秘地不再下垂。随后,经过218次反复实验验证,他终于发现在钨酸(WO3·H2O)中添加钾和钠的硅酸盐,经过还原、压制、烧结、 加工等制得的钨丝,再结晶后形成相当粗的晶粒结构,既不软又抗下垂,这是最早的不下垂钨丝。柏斯的发现奠定了不下垂钨丝的生产基础,直到现在美国仍称不下 垂钨丝为“218钨丝,以纪念柏斯的这项重大发现。
 
  掺杂钨合金的生产工序冗长,包括钨冶炼、粉末冶金制坯和塑性加工几个主要阶段。
  掺杂钨合金的生产通常选用仲钨酸铵(APT)为原料。从钨精矿制 取仲钨酸铵除了传 统的经典工艺外,20世纪50年代国际上开展了萃取法和离子交换法的研究,中国在70年代也采用了这些工艺,从而简化了工艺流程,提高了钨的回收率。20 世纪60年代以来,许多国家都相继采用蓝色氧化钨掺杂工艺代替三氧化钨掺杂,从而提高了掺杂效果。钨粉的酸洗是20世纪60年代开始应用于生产的,其主要 目的在于洗去钨粉中多余的掺杂剂、超细粉和部分有害杂质,从而改善加工性能,提高钨丝的高温性能。从20世纪60年代开始,孔型轧制法不断得到应用。孔型 轧制是使坯料在一对旋转着的轧辊的孔 型中通过,在轧辊压力的作用下使断面减缩和长度延伸。
 
  虽然只有少部分钨矿最终被做成灯钨丝和类似的产品,钨在科学上和技术上所承担的最重要的意义就是其研究成果向实际应用的转换。所获得的知识在粉末冶金新的领域,尤其是在硬质合金的制造上具有不可估量的价值。

Tungsten Carbide Fiber Rings

When selecting a wedding band for men there are a lot of factors to consider. Whether you work in constructionor at a desk, a tungsten carbide wedding band is ideal. Some of the most popular features of a mens tungsten carbide ring includes:
Tungsten Carbide Rings
    Durability
    Strength 
    Weight 
    Affordability
Once men decide thta a tungsten carbide wedding band is right for them, it is time to consider style. While solid tungsten carbide can be formed to create stunning masculine designs, many jewelers have learned to incorporate other materials for a more dramatic appearance. Carbon fiber is a material that is commonly used in a tungsten carbide ring.
A carbon fiber ring for men is made from an extremely strong material, made up of thin fibers composed mainly of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bonded together in microscopic crystals that are aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber. The crystal alignment makes the fiber very strong for its size while also very lightweight. A carbon fiber wedding band for men has high tensile strength, low weight, and low thermal expansion, which makes it a very popular choice. This carbon fiber is five times as strong as steel, two times as stiff, yet weighs about two-thirds less. This  resists stretching or bending, so carbon fiber wedding rings for men are extremely durable.
 

Tungsten Carbide Rings

Tungsten rings are currently leading the way in jewelry fashion trends for men. One of the hottest new trends in the wedding band industry is the tungsten carbide ring. Today more and more couples are choosing a tungsten carbide band due to its durability and affordability. Tungsten Direct also offers products with the tungsten carbon fiber blend. Tungsten carbide rings for men are sold for a fraction of the price of a wedding band made of precious metals. They have a sophisticated, rich look about them, despite being inexpensive.

2012年5月10日星期四

Tungsten is considered to be of low toxicity


Harmful effects:
Tungsten is considered to be of low toxicity.

Characteristics:
Tungsten is a very hard, dense, silvery-white, lustrous metal that tarnishes in air, forming a protective oxide coating. In powder form tungsten is gray in color.

The metal has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650 oC also has the highest tensile strength. Pure tungsten is ductile, and tungsten wires, even of a very small diameter, have a very high tensile strength.

Tungsten is highly resistant to corrosion. It forms tungstic acid (H2WO4), or wolframic acid from the hydrated oxide (WO3) and its salts are called tungstates, or wolframates.

Tungsten is one of the five major refractory metals (metals with very high resistance to heat and wear). The other refactory metals are molybdenum, tantalum, rhenium and niobium.
Uses of Tungsten

Tungsten and its alloys are widely used for filaments in older style (not energy saving) electric bulbs and electronic tubes. It is used for making heavy metal alloys because of its hardness. Tungsten is used for high-temperature applications such as welding.

High speed steel (which can cut material at higher speeds than carbon steel), contains up to 18% tungsten.

Tungsten carbide (WC or W2C) is extremely hard and is used to make drills. It is also used for jewelry because of its hardness and wear resistance.

Discovery of Tungsten


In 1779 Peter Woulfe deduced the existence of a new element - Tungsten - from his analysis of the mineral wolframite (an iron manganese tungstate mineral). 

Tungsten was isolated as tungstic oxide (WO3) in 1781 by Carl W. Scheele from the mineral scheelite (calcium tungstate). However he did not have a suitable furnace to reduce the oxide to the metal. 

Tungsten was finally isolated by Fausto and Juan Jose de Elhuyar in 1783 by reduction acidified wolframite with charcoal. 

The element name comes from the Swedish words 'tungsten', meaning heavy stone.
The chemical symbol, W, comes from the original name of the element, Wolfram.

2012年5月8日星期二

Tungsten Rings


In mathematics, a ring is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with two binary operations usually called addition and multiplication, where the set is an abelian group under addition (called the additive group of the ring) and a semigroup under multiplication such that multiplication distributes over addition.a[›] In other words the ring axioms require that addition is commutative, addition and multiplication are associative, multiplication distributes over addition, each element in the set has an additive inverse, and there exists an additive identity. One of the most common examples of a ring is the set of integers endowed with its natural operations of addition and multiplication. (In particular, this is a commutative ring, since multiplication is commutative as well as addition.) Certain variations of the definition of a ring are sometimes employed, and these are outlined later in the article.

2012年5月7日星期一

什么是钨、钨合金、硬质合金、钨飞镖?


是一种宝贵的稀有金属,自1783年被科学家发现以来,至今已有200多年的历史。据测算,钨在地壳中的含量为百万分之一。值得庆幸的是,钨竟奇迹般地大量聚集在中国。我国1917年在江西省的大余县西华山首次发现黑钨矿,在不足100年的时间内,江西、湖南、广东、广西、福建、河南、甘肃、内蒙古等地都先后发现了许多钨矿。我国钨储量约占全世界总储量的60%,居世界各国之首,可以说中国是当之无愧的钨的王国。

  有比重大、熔点高、硬度大、导热导电性能好、耐热、耐磨、耐腐蚀、化学性能稳定等优异的特性。金的熔点是1000摄氏度,而钨的熔点高达3380摄氏度。当今的高科技产品,如航空喷气发动机、火箭、导弹、卫星的许多部件都是用钨的耐高温合金制成的。

  在钢铁里面加入钨,就好比钢铁吃了强身补药。钨钢能提高钢的耐高温强度,增加钢的硬度和抗腐蚀能力。它广泛应用于金属切削刀具,还有军事工业中枪、炮、坦克等武器装备的耐热、耐压部件。所以人们还把钨看成是重要的战略金属。

  的硬度很高,在金属中也算数一数二了,但是钨与碳元素的化合物碳化钨,硬度更高,比钨钢还硬,可以同自然界最硬的金刚石相媲美。碳化钨粉制成的硬质合金,具有硬度高、耐磨性好、耐高温等优点,可用于金属切削刀具、钻机、钻头、推土机的铲刀、粉碎机械等,就连牙科医生使用的小钻头也是硬质合金制成的。

  人们日常使用的灯泡中的灯丝和高温电炉丝也都离不开钨。钨的热电子发射性能也是极好的,所以它又是制作通讯、广播、电视、雷达等设备的重要材料。电视机显像管、X射线荧光屏、荧光灯的荧光材料选用的也都是钨的化合物。另外,钨在纺织、染料、油漆颜料、陶瓷釉料、玻璃着色等轻工业领域也有广阔的天地。

  提到石油,人们就会想到中东。而人们提到钨,就会想到中国的南岭。像福建的行洛坑,江西的西华山、大吉山、盘古山,湖南的柿竹园、瑶岗仙,广东的锯板坑都是世界上著名的大型钨矿。

  我国钨矿储量、钨矿产量以及钨的贸易量均占世界第一。这三个世界第一是我们中华民族的骄傲。

  在自然界中,钨的矿物有20多种,但具工业意义的仅有黑钨矿族和白钨矿CaWo4两种。因此,在钨矿石上也有黑钨矿石、白钨矿石和黑钨矿、白钨矿的混合矿石。国外长期以来开发利用的是白钨矿,而我国尽管白钨矿的保有储量达300多万吨,占全国钨保有储量的65%,另外还有19%的混合矿石,但由于我国的白钨矿石品位低,富矿少,选冶技术尚未彻底解决,因而长期以来我国开采的仍是品位高、易采、易选的黑钨矿。
   如果你想了解更多关于钨的知识,您可以进钨目录这个网站,这里有想要的知识。